Romanticism in Music - 1653 Words

Romanticism Romanticism was an artistic movement that took place from the nineteenth to the early twentieth century. Drastic changes in the arts took place over the course of this time period. During this movement, much emphasis was placed on emotion and imagination in the arts. Prior to the Romantic Period, music had been seen more as recreation and njoyment than as an integral part of culture. The term Romanticism was first used in England and Germany in reference to a form of literature. It soon after spread to music and the visual arts. Romanticism was largely a product of two important revolutions in Europe. The new society that came about after the French Revolution emphasized the importance of the individual. This brought†¦show more content†¦This idea of interpretation and understanding of music was demonstrated in program music. This was a type of music for which the composer would have prepared an explanation to help the audience understand the meaning. There is no text in the song, but there is a note, or program, to help explain. These programs were a way for composers to connect their music to art, politics, or other aspects of the world around them. An important difference between the Romantic Period and the Classical Period which preceded it is th e motivation and direction of the art. The spirit of the Classical Period sought order, while that of the Romantic Period sought wonder and strangeness. With Romantic music, the melody was marked by lyricism, and the music was more emotional and expressive. Composers used more dissonance and chromaticism in their works to help reinforce the idea of the original or the strange. They expanded the classical music structure to lengthen the music, as they wanted more time to express the particular emotion of a given piece. New terms, such as Dolce (sweet), Cantabile (songful), and Con Amore (with love) were used to emphasize these emotions. During the Classical Period, the most important genre of orchestral music was the symphony, whereas inShow MoreRelatedRomanticism in Music Essay1614 Words   |  7 PagesRomanticism in Music Romantic: of, characterized by, or suggestive of an idealised, sentimental, or fantastic view of reality#8230; concerned more with feeling and emotion than with form and aesthetic qualities. The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Eighth edition, 1991. The term romantic first appeared at sometime during the latter half of the 18th Century, meaning in quite literal English, romance-like, usually referring to the character of mythical medieval romances. The first significantRead MoreMusic of Robert Schumann as a New Stage in the Development of Romanticism1023 Words   |  4 PagesMusic of Robert Schumann as a New Stage in the Development of Romanticism Music of Robert Schumann embodies many of the most characteristic features of German Romanticism – deep psychological insight, aspiration for the ideal, intimacy, irony and bitterness. Advanced aesthetic tendencies of German culture in the period of 1820-40s found vivid expression in his music. In contradictions, which are inherent in Schumann’s music, reflected the complex contradictions of the social life from his time.Read MoreRomanticism Essays509 Words   |  3 PagesRomanticism Romanticism began in the mid-18th century and reached its height in the 19th century. It was limited to Europe and America although different compatriots donated to its birth and popularity. Romanticism as a movement declined in the late 19th century and early 20th century with the growing dominance of Realism in the arts and the rapid advancement of science and technology. However, Romanticism was very impressionative on most individuals during its time. This was because it was expressedRead MoreThe New Idea Of Romanticism1745 Words   |  7 PagesThe quintessential idea in Romanticism is that reason cannot explain everything, and to value imagination and emotion over intellect and reason was a common characteristic. This era was based on a belief that people are naturally good, spontaneity and intensity of feeling are valued, that passion was noble, and political authority and firm conventions needed a revolution. Nostalgia became a topic, desire and will for personal motivation was accentuated, and this era became a profound social and culturalRead MoreRomanticism: 19th Century and Time Period785 Words   |  4 PagesWebsters dictionary states the definition of Romanticism as a movement in literature and art during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that celebrated nature rather than civilization. Romanticism was a movement that helped generated other movements, but brought a new form of literature that was well embraced during the 18th and 19th centuries. Romanticism started during the end of the 18th century as politics and society were changing in Europe. Gaps were growing farther and farther apartRead MoreRunning Head : Dynamic Writing1611 Words   |  7 PagesContent Areas This paper will explore dynamic writing in the content area of music through the use of writing-to-learn strategies and fulfill the requirements of the third option of the Dynamic Writing in the Content Areas assignment in RDG543. A brief survey of journaling strategies found online will be reviewed, various journaling techniques will be examined in the context of a typical learning objective for a high school music appreciation course, and strategies for pairing ICTs and journaling willRead More19th Century Changes for Europe and America1453 Words   |  6 Pagespurpose of living should be. It was because of these differences in thought and reason that creative movements were born. From Enlightenment to Romanticism, Realism to Symbolism, each had their own unique way of looking at life and meaning. These differences and similarities in style can be seen in their respective various forms of philosophy, as well as music and literature. The age of Enlightenment began as one of the first alternative ways of thinking. It emphasized more scientific reasonRead MoreThe Romantic Period Of Literature1019 Words   |  5 Pagesbut examples of Romanticism can still be seen today. The Romantic authors most certainly had an impact on many artists to come. Edgar Allan Poe is often a name that comes to mind when discussing Romanticism and especially Dark Romanticism and for good reason. Poe exemplifies Romanticism and many examples can be seen in his work, such as the House of Usher. Some traits of Romanticism include high drama, pathetic fallacy, and shocking climax, which are a few pillars of the Romanticism style. These pillarsRead MoreThe New Era Of Musical Expression1098 Words   |  5 Pagesravenousness desire for new music came the development and creation of what is known as the Romantic Period from approximately 1810-1900. This new epoch established generations of new music advancement as composers, performers, a nd artists setout to create a new legacy of music development with the ideas of emotion, expression, and enlightenment through the conception of beautiful art. Referred to as â€Å"Romanticism,† this new era of musical expression vastly altered the tradition of music. With the socio-politicalRead MoreLiterature during the Romantic Era972 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Romanticism Introduction The Romantic era began in the late eighteenth century as a reaction against the Age of Enlightenment and was a period of great change and emancipation. The movement started as an artistic and intellectual reaction against aristocratic social and political norms of the Enlightenment and against the scientific rationalization of nature. During the Enlightenment literature and art were primarily created for the elite, upper classes and educated, and the language incorporated

Essay on The Holy Bible - The Cruel God of Genesis

The Cruel God of Genesisnbsp;nbsp; This essay will propose and support the thesis that God carries the blame for the expulsion of man from the Garden of Eden and resulting downfall of mankind. Genesis has always been the cause of heated discussions. The work itself is not all that confusing, but rather the symbolism buried deep within the text is. The opinions of the reader often have a substantial influence on the readers interpretation of the text. Because the scripture has played such an important role in the theological beliefs of so many Christians, extremely different interpretations of the text have the potential to create distance between even the closest of friends and even worse, families. To expect that all of†¦show more content†¦Gave usually implies the transfer of possession from one person to another. In all actuality, God was merely teasing Adam and Eve with the idea of eternal paradise. God knew of the inevitable original sin and even still he gave Adam and Eve a taste of paradise. If indeed God loved them as much as he supposedly did, wouldnt he have saved them the torment of having to surrender a true heaven on earth because they made one little mistake? God knew that by giving man free will he would also be giving them the opportunity to lose everything that they held dear to them. Also, if the will bestowed on Adam were so free, why would he have to be subject to the consequences of his actions? In all actuality, Adam and Eve did have free will; just as long as they didnt think for themselves and only did what God told them to do. In essence, it is very much like getting something for free, but still having to pay the tax. In other words, God dropped the theoretical ball when he came up with his not so free will. The final question that remains is why? Why did God bring to an end his own creations eternal happiness? When given just the information presented in Genesis 1-3, the motives behind Gods cruel plot are not quite so obvious. But when consideration is taken for the fact that the entire Bible is, for all logical reasons, Gods plan set in plain ordinary words. All things must come to an end, so the saying goes. Even the world as we know it will come to an end.Show MoreRelatedCultural Relativism As An Anthropological Theory1047 Words   |  5 Pagesanthropological theory. This essay will argue only from the perspective of the Torah. The Book of Genesis contains three main narratives regarding Yahweh s condemnation of deficient cultures. One narrative is that of the great flood. According to the text, the world had become too violent. Therefore, Yahweh decided to destroy the entire world. A righteous man, Noah, was considered good enough to survive the mass destruction caused by Yahweh s chaotic demolition. Noah follows God s directions to buildRead MoreWhich Religion Is More Violent in History: Christianity or Islam?4367 Words   |  18 Pagestowns and societies some of this violent occurrence includes the Christian crusades and inquisition, the European maritime conquest. The Islamic crusades and holy wars. The Catholics and Protestant wars and Mormonism. Violence in relation to the Bible, and the Quran, and The violence in today’s society caused by both religions. In this essay you shall learn about how all the religiously violent wars and acts have led to the choosing of the more violent religio n. Christianity has a long history ofRead More Creationism vs Evolutionism Essay2392 Words   |  10 Pagesbeing has its own creation story, I will be focusing on the popular fundamentalist Christian version. These creationists believe that the entire cosmos, the Earth and all its creatures, were created by God in six days between 5,000 and 10,000 years ago as described in the old testaments book of Genesis. They believe that geological records were laid down as a result of a worldwide flood. Most creationists disagree with a majority of the scientific theories used to prove evolution. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;TheyRead More Teaching Origins in 20th Century American Public Schools Essay6390 Words   |  26 Pages geology and biology offered a robust and widely- accepted story of the history of Earth and of life on earth that contradicted the biblical accounts in Genesis . As Ed Larson has shown, most theologians and scientists around the turn of the 20th century easily reconciled Christian faith and evolution; even The Fundamentals, a series of essays published between 1905 and 1915 that gave a name to conservative evangelical Christianity for the rest of the century, featured theologian James Orr’s assertionRead More Comparing the Love of Romeo and Juliet, Twelfth Night and the Bible4838 Words   |  20 Pagesculture and every writer has some commentary or evaluation of love. The New Testament has its share of love commentary. The entire basis of the Christian tradition is Gods love for humanity. God so loved the world that he gave his only Son. (John 3:6 ) Jesus preached a great deal about love of neighbor, love of God and even love of enemies. (Matt 5:44) Shakespeares Biblical knowledge is well known and he was certainly familiar with these concepts as he wrote his plays on the subject of love. By lookingRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 PagesRastafarianism is the national religion of Jamaica. 3. Rastas believe that Selassie is the returned messiah, that he is Jah, or God. They believed this fully prior to his passing in 1975 and after. Many believe that Selassie was a dictator and a cruel leader. That he is regarded as God incarnate seems patently absurd. 4. It is not clear whether Selassie believed himself to be a God. 5. For Rastas, marijuana, which is illegal in Jamaica, is a sacrament for worship. 6. Rastas regard western society as

Tatutory body Free Essays

Pursuant to the above, FL therefore forwarded to CT an invoice of pursuant to Clause 10 of the Agreement. However, by Act’s analysis, there were errors In the computation of PPTP In the 2009 tax assessment Issued by FIRS. CT Is also In disagreement with the rate applied by your Company in arriving at the royalty due for the oil produced. We will write a custom essay sample on Tatutory body or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was based on these beliefs, that CT forwarded to your Company the sum of and for tax assessment and royalty respectively totaling CT further requested that your Company challenges the tax assessment at the appropriate forum and re-compute the royalty cording to the established rates. It Is on the above premise that your Company the following relief: (a) Declarations on the applicable royalty rate and the correct calculation of PPTP returns; (b) and specific damages for payment of the outstanding tax and royalty sums of Looking at the above relief, the issues in question which were submitted to Arbitration arose out of alleged wrong assessment and computation of taxes by your Company due to the FIRS and by extension to the Federal Government of Nigeria. So for all intents and purposes, the claim of your Company before the Orbital Tribunal s in effect for declarations on the applicable royalty rate and calculation of PPTP. The Federal High Court in the recent decision of Federal Inland Revenue Service Vs†¦ Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation Others opined thus: â€Å"While it is conceded that the Parties are bound by the sanctity of their contracts and the issue in dispute arose out of the Agreement, the question still remains whether Parties can by an Agreement purport to confer Jurisdiction on an Arbitration Tribunal to determine issues relating to taxation of Companies or connected with the Federal Government Revenue when such Jurisdiction is exclusively conferred on this Court by the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. The answer I must say is an emphatic No. In other words, the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria precludes any other Court in Nigeria other than the Federal High Court, not to talk of an inferior Arbitration Tribunal, from exercising Jurisdiction over tax matters relating to Federal Government Revenue. Although in simply parlance, one might be quick to say that given that EDP and FIRS re neither parties to the agreement nor parties before the orbital panel, they do not have the locus stands to make such an application. Furthermore, it is a trite principle of Arbitration law that Courts of Law must not be too hasty to make any injunctions or orders affecting arbitration proceedings. Be that as it may, We wish to draw your attention to the recent decision in Federal Inland Revenue Service Vs†¦ Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation Others wherein the A. Belle J decided that: incidental thereto. It is not in dispute at all, that the Plaintiff in this case is the traitors body established by Law to wit: Federal Inland Revenue Service (Establishment) Act, 2007 as the Sole Federal Authority responsible for the assessment and collection of Taxes on behalf of the Federal Government of Nigeria. It stands to reason therefore that in any dispute where the Plaintiff perceived that its statutory functions are going to be affected by such dispute it will necessarily have the requisite locus stands to bring an action to seek remedy. So, to my mind in the instant case, it is preposterous to argue as the 2nd- 5th Defendants did, arbitrarily f tax issues arising from production sharing contracts-that the Plaintiff has no locus stands to bring this action in which it alleges that its statutory functions to assess and collect tax for the Federal Government will be adversely affected in the Orbital proceedings between the Defendants in this case, merely on the ground that it is not party to the orbital proceedings. It is the very reason of its not being a party to the orbital proceedings that makes it imperative for the Plaintiff to file this suit to protect its perceived interest in the subject matter of the arbitration. This Court is not unconcerned at this stage, with whether the Plaintiff will succeed because locus stands of a Plaintiff to sue is not dependent on whether or not its case will succeed. It is against this backdrop that I hold the view that the Plaintiff in this case has the locus stands to bring the present action. On this score therefore, this Court has the jurisdiction to entertain the case. † From the foregoing decision of the Federal High Court, the Court has taken the stance that if the FIRS perceives that its statutory functions are going to be affected by any dispute, it will have the requisite locus stands to bring an action to seek remedy. The Court accordingly held that FIRS had a basis to bring the action and that the Court has Jurisdiction to entertain the case. This therefore means that the EDP and FIRS may be granted injunctive orders restraining continuation of the arbitration. Drawing from the above, the decision of the Tax Appeal Tribunal would be binding on CT and its preliminary objection to the Jurisdiction of the Orbital panel would be upheld. ACT The Nigerian Content Development and Monitoring Board (UNCOMBED)’s directive is made pursuant to the Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry Content Development Act to enhance the level of participation of Nigerian and Nigerian companies in the country’s oil and gas industry. The Act provides for the submission of Nigerian Content Plan to form an essential component of bidding for any license, permit or interest in the oil and gas industry. It contains provisions to ensure that ‘first consideration’ is given to Nigerian and Nigerian Companies. The local content gives force of law to the Nigerian Content Policy, which are already part of current oil regulations. The local content act establishes a legal and regulatory framework for the involvement of and procrastination f indigenous oil and gas companies in the award of oil blocks, oil field licenses, oil lifting licenses and other projects. Under the Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry Content Development Act, rights or interests in an oil mining lease (MOL) may be transferred by assignment. However, an assignment can only be valid where the consent of the Minister of Petroleum Resources has first been obtained following the fulfillment of the relevant conditions. These conditions include that the proposed assignee: Is of good reputation, a member of a group of companies of good reputation, or is wend by a company or companies of good reputation. Has sufficient technical knowledge and experience, and sufficient financial resources to effectively operate under the license or lease. How to cite Tatutory body, Papers

Present Provoking Past Essay Example For Students

Present Provoking Past Essay Present Provoking Past Analyze a characters response to the past as a source of meaning in a work . . . the past, no matter what it was like, never becomes a matter of indifference to the present. Alexander Tvardovsky In One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, Alexander Solzhenitsyn portrays one normal day in the life of Shukhov Ivan Denisovich, a Russian peasant unfairly confined in one of Stalins forced labor camps for political prisoners. Throughout the novel, Solzhenitsyn depicts how Shukhov has adapted to his surroundings and has been able to survive with a dignity other prisoners have lost throughout their confinement. We will write a custom essay on Present Provoking Past specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now It is exactly the way Shukhov has been able to live and survive in prison, that reveals how he has responded to his past, even when all the author reveals to the reader is the characters immediate present. Shukhov responded to his past by clinging to aspects of his previous life which allowed him to maintain his humanity, and thus survive, and by letting go of those which didnt. Many critics argue that imprisonment robs individuals of their humanity for, in order to survive, they grow accustomed to their harsh life and loose basic human responses. Solzhenitsyn however, proves through Shukhov, that even within confinement, where prisoners are robbed of every kind of possession, freedom and humanity can still exist within. What aspects then, does Shukhov hold on to, and which ones does he let go of in order to survive? First of all, it is very important to clarify that survival in the novel is very relative. Surviving for some of the prisoners is merely enduring life, no matter the cost, such as for Fetiukov who stoops even to collecting other prisoners left over cigarette buds, even though he puts himself in danger of catching a syphilitic lip. For Shukhov however, surviving goes far beyond making it alive. Shukhov shares Kuziomins same belief that those who lick other mens leftovers, those who count on the doctors to pull them through, and those who squeal on their buddies dont make it, for its at the expense of not just other peoples blood, but at the expense of loss of self-value, of self-worth. Thus, for Shukhov, surviving is going on living, while maintaining his freedom and humanity, even in an environment which has total control over him. As consequence, the most important thing that Shukhov holds on to is his intrinsic code of values and morals. Throughout the novel, Shukhovs actions are guided by a sense of right and wrong. For example, during the war, his jaw was smashed and he had the opportunity to stay in the hospital on the banks of the River Lovat for five days. Instead, he decided to do what was right, and volunteered, like an idiot, to go back to the front, where he was later wrongfully accused of treason. Another example of how he held on to his values is when he explains that he didnt want to turn into a carpet painter after he got out of prison. He points out that that type of a man needed to be free and easy with people, to be brash, to know how to grease a palm or two, that although he had trodden the earth for forty years, hed never either given or taken a bribe, neither had he learned to do so in camp, nor intended to begin to do so, after surviving even camp without deeming it necessary. He believed in earning money based on his hard work; to him, easy money weights light in the hand. It doesnt give you the feeling youve earned it, nor the satisfaction that comes along with it And he clarifies this to the point where he specifies that only if he were deprived of his civil rights and he couldnt be taken on anywhere, would he turn to carpets for a spell. The second thing Shukhov holds on to is his value for self-respect and dignity. The novel basically unravels itself around this premise. .u28bec27704574b765bc21a30be986e3b , .u28bec27704574b765bc21a30be986e3b .postImageUrl , .u28bec27704574b765bc21a30be986e3b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u28bec27704574b765bc21a30be986e3b , .u28bec27704574b765bc21a30be986e3b:hover , .u28bec27704574b765bc21a30be986e3b:visited , .u28bec27704574b765bc21a30be986e3b:active { border:0!important; } .u28bec27704574b765bc21a30be986e3b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u28bec27704574b765bc21a30be986e3b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u28bec27704574b765bc21a30be986e3b:active , .u28bec27704574b765bc21a30be986e3b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u28bec27704574b765bc21a30be986e3b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u28bec27704574b765bc21a30be986e3b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u28bec27704574b765bc21a30be986e3b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u28bec27704574b765bc21a30be986e3b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u28bec27704574b765bc21a30be986e3b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u28bec27704574b765bc21a30be986e3b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u28bec27704574b765bc21a30be986e3b .u28bec27704574b765bc21a30be986e3b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u28bec27704574b765bc21a30be986e3b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Cause And Effect: Top Gun EssaySimple acts, such as removing his hat before eating, despite the cold weather, obtain great significance for the amount of self-respect it provides him. Acts such as this one, as well as something as simple as crossing one self, obtain a greater value and meaning than they would in normal circumstances because they transform from a simple gesture of respect or reverence, to a defiance to the system which attempts to diminish their value as men and as human beings. Other examples of this premise, are that Shukhov was content when he reached the breakfast hall and there was no line; not only because he would not have to wait to eat, but also because it would keep him from the temptation, which he would have to resist, of liking another mans bowl. Also, he would retain himself from not eating fish eyes that where floating in the soup, for that would have been to lower himself, even though it may be the only solid food in the soup. Other simple but significant actions, such as not looking at a smoking mans mouth while he is smoking, also enable Shukhov to maintain a sense of self-value and thus of self-respect and humanity. In contrast, in order to survive with a sense of freedom and humanity, Shukhov is also forced to let go of a lot. For example, he describes how, at first, he counts the days spent in prison, and the days he still has left, and how, after a while, he is forced to desist, for he has no control over neither how much time he would be imprisoned, nor if he would be let out or not; or even if he would be later exiled. In other words, he has no control over his future and realizes he can only truly possess and have an effect on his present. In order to be able to make the best of the only thing he has for sure, his present, Shukhov is forced to let go of his past. This is why when he is asked if he has never seen his wife clean the floors, he answers that he does not even remember her; He is forced to let go of his past, to the point of forgetting his wife and loved ones, in order to be able to take as much advantage as he could of one of the few things he has left to possess, his present. In addition to the present, his sense of self-respect and dignity, and his inherent code of values, Shukhov clings to objects, which aid him in obtaining a sense of self-worth, for they give him a sense of self-importance and purpose. Examples of these objects are the trowel, which facilitated his work, and, most importantly, his spoon, which also gave him a sense of dignity by preventing him from needing his hands to eat, as well as reminding him he was self-reliable, for he made the spoon with his own two hands. Shukhov responds to his past by letting go of it, in order to be able to not only survive, but do so with dignity and humanity. This response to his past, his letting go, can be interpreted as a submission to circumstance. Would Solzhenitsyn however, convey to readers the message that in order to survive with dignity and humanity one must adopt a passive behavior, and accept and conform to circumstance? Yes. To denounce the Stalinist regime. Solzhenitsyn wrote One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, with the purpose of making a social criticism of Stalins regime, which suppressed the Russians. His story and the message, that in order to come out triumphant one must conform, adapt, and accept, are created for the sole purpose of provoking in the reader a feeling of indignity towards the hopeless reality that befell Russia and a desire to find solutions for the problems of his society.

Shanghai And Hong Kongs Contributions To Chinas Economic Modernization

Shanghai And Hong Kong's Contributions To China's Economic Modernization Timothy Scott ECON. 400 Professor Roberts Midterm Essay Shanghai and Hong Kong's Contributions to China's Economic Modernization Some people predict Shanghai will replace Hong Kong in the future. Others argue that Hong Kong will remain as China's gateway to the rest of the world. For the past few months, I studied intensively about China and Hong Kong's history, culture, economy and politics. Hong Kong and Shanghai have made immense contributions to China's economy and modernization. However, I believe that Shanghai is still lacking the proper and sophiscated infrastructure such as the legal system and freedom of the press. In the years to come, Hong Kong will remain the financial and economic center of Asia due to its vast resources, legal infrastructure, history, and culture. In the past two decades, Shanghai has made great contributions to China's economic modernization. According to Cheng Li, in the article, The Color of Money, Shanghai had one-eighth of the total industrial output of the nation in 1980. In the early 1990's, Deng Xiaoping realized the potential of Shanghai, and urged the municipal government to develop the local economy and attract foreign investment. The entire city went under a reconstruction era, also known as the construction fever period. Hundreds of skyscrapers were built, and vast rural areas were transformed into new modern towns. Today, department stores and high rise buildings are not uncommon in Shanghai. The newly built Oriental Pearl TV Tower in Shanghai is now Asia's highest television tower. Shanghai not only underwent a physical change, but its economy boomed as well since 1993. The city has attracted more foreign investment than ever before. Currently, 121 largest transnational corporations operate in Shanghai. Investments include subway lines, highways, bridges and tunnels linking the Huangpu River and Pudong. It is estimated that $2.35 billion has been invested in Shanghai by foreign investment. In addition, the development of Pudong made it China's largest economic zone. Shanghai, without a doubt, is the engine that drives China's economic modernization. At the same time, Shanghai does not have the proper legal infrastructure, and freedom of the press to be the financial center of Asia. During my China traveling seminar in Shanghai, a Shanghaiese lawyer emphasized in order to be successful in China, all you need is a network of connection. This is also known as guanxi and it plays a crucial role in China. The fact is, China is under a system of rule by law and not rule of law. The legal infrastructure does not give you the protection you need from corruption and white-collar crimes let alone ensure an environment of free competition and productive workforce. Shanghai not only lacks legal protection, but it also lacks freedom of the press. The CCP has been and will always be a dictatorship over the media. One of the reasons is because China has always been very protective of its image. Any dishonorable and offensive news to the government, regardless of its importance, would not be allowed to publish. The central government also feels the necessity to control the media in order to prevent rebellions. Therefore, the people of Shanghai and China rarely know the truth behind current news. The importance of proper legal systems and freedom of the press are crucial to China's economic development. If the central government continues to neglect these factors, it will be detrimental to the future development of China. From the period 1949 to 1976, Hong Kong was China's gateway to the capitalist world. Today, Hong Kong has become even more important to Chinese economy and the international world. First of all, Hong Kong has vast resources such as managerial know-how, technology, financial and marketing skills. These important resources has been transferred to China as Hong Kong manufacturers move across the border to take advantage of cheap land and labor force in the 1980's. (Yahuda, p.24) While Shanghai has attracted foreign investments into China, Hong Kong has accounted for between 60 and 80 percent of the total foreign direct investment in China. In 1993, there were 50,868 investment projects of Hong Kong and Macao businesses in China with a value of $76.756 billion. The majority of investments are concentrated in the Guandong province. Through these direct investments, came

Russian Standard Vodka Case Study Essays

Russian Standard Vodka Case Study Essays Russian Standard Vodka Case Study Paper Russian Standard Vodka Case Study Paper Russian Standard Vodka: Strategies for Global Branding and Expansion into the US Market Case Study By CHEN Mengjie Marguerite Summary Given the success of Russian Standard Vodka in the Russian and European Market, following the global branding vision, expansion strategy for US market needs to be defined. This case study will provide in-depth analysis to focus on evaluating expansion strategies and offering market entry recommendations. 1. Russian Standard 1. 1 Overview Russian Standard was launched by Roust Holdings, a company driven by an unusual mix of quality orientation and Russian pride. In launching the Russian Standard brand, the ambition of Roustam Tariko, founder and main owner of Roust Holdings, was to set a new standard of world-class quality for a new breed of global Russian brands. The first category to which Tariko decided to apply his Russian Standard concept was vodka born in Russia and strongly associated with the country. The next big move was the creation of the Russian Standard Bank, aiming to serve foreign trade companies, small businesses and individual customers, with a main focus on retail banking. Apart from the two mainstream businesses, Roust also launched B2B and B2C e-commerce portal. 1. 2 Visions Tariko had two ambitious goals for Russian Standard brand: (1) to develop a line of original products and services in multiple categories which would meet international quality requirements, and (2) to create a brand that would set new Russian standards and improve the image of Russia both at home and abroad. 1. 3 Brand Identity Tariko’s personal affinity for luxury goods and his ambition to create the first truly premium Russian brand determined to a large extent the identity of Russian Standard. The brand has the mission to re-establish something that will be a standard for Russians. The essence of the brand and the overall brand strategy was born as â€Å"embraced the past, and inspired progress† after brand research. This theme is the main identity and positioning of the brand. 2. Russian Standard Vodka 2. 1 Overview Roustam Tariko introduced Russian Standard in 1998 as the first authentic Russian premium vodka. Russian Standard vodkas are made with only the finest Russian ingredients, uniquely conforming to the formula for vodka established in 1894 by famed Russian scientist Dimitri Mendeleev for Russias Czars. Two years after launch, sales of Russian Standard surpassed all imported premium vodkas on the Russian market. 2. 2 Success Factors The success of Russian Standard can be attributed to its high and consistent product quality, its distinctive premium packaging, its strong distribution and merchandising, and its Russian heritage. 1) True Russian Spirit: There was a clear niche in the Russian market for a premium brand that was genuinely Russian, with a link to Russia’s rich past. No competitors could qualify for this definition. ) Market Uniqueness: Russian Standard vodka was the first domestic brand to create a rich mosaic of imagery (product, packaging, pricing, merchandising, media communications). 3) Strong merchandising skills and relationships with off-trade and on-trade: This allowed Russian Standard to secure privileged shelf space and promotion by supermarkets, and access to the bars of the most prestigious and fashionable clubs and restaurants in Moscow and St Petersbu rg. Encouraged by its rapid success at home, management aimed to make Russian Standard the number one Russian vodka in the world. After launching the brand in 10 European countries, the founder wondered which expansion strategy to follow for Russian Standard vodka to be launched in the US, the biggest premium vodka market in the world. 3. Global Branding Strategies 3. 1 Expansion Strategies Options The management defined three expansion strategies: 1) Directly apply the successful positioning of the brand and marketing mix used for Russia to the US market. 2) Pursue a global branding strategy – one that preserves the key sources of equity of a potentially global brand but also included local market adaptations. ) Use a customized approach to the US market be used to win the key market, regardless of the implications for the brand in other global markets. The following analysis will give a profound basis for choosing the expansion strategy for Russian Standard Vodka. 3. 2 Vodka Markets Analysis – Russian and US [pic] Based on the market analysis, we can find the substantial market potential in US m arket. US market is the biggest premium vodka market and super-premium is growing very fast, and there’s market niche for products with subtle distinctions in taste and heritage to join. The consumer group is more balanced and energetic in US including men and women and targeting young generation. The consumption was in groups and on-premise, which is a different business model from domestic market and a good opportunity for expansion. 3. 3 Criteria for Global Branding Strategies 1) Intended brand meaning of the organization It’s natural for Russia to enjoy such a renaissance in premium vodka production. Russian Standard Vodka is to assure Russia’s place as the birthplace of vodka and to be the world’s first premium Russian vodka made according to the standards of Mendeleev’s 1894 formula to reveal brand authenticity. ) Fundamentals the firm plans to compete on Russian Standard Vodka’s statement is very clear and loud: to be the number one Russian vodka in the world. The first fundamentals will be to keep the true Russian spirit. Russian Standard also have a ambitious goal which is to set new standard for Russia. Russia standard als o need to balance the business portfolio between Vodka and Bank. It’s essential to protect the equity of the brand in Russia. 3) Main benefits to be provided to the customers Russian heritage dream factor: Russian Standard Vodka reflects Russia’s vodka-producing heritage. It’s also a symbol of the essence of Russian’s modern society, Russian vodka premium quality: It’s a brand new premium vodka distilled and bottled exclusively in Russia using only the finest Russian ingredients with a passionate attention to detail and state-of-the-art distilling techniques. 3. 4 Expansion Strategy Decision According to the analysis given above, the second option will be suggested as the most practical strategy for Russian Standard Vodka to enter US market: Pursue a global branding strategy – one that preserves the key sources of equity of a potentially global brand but also included local market adaptations. The first alternative will be very risky given the differences in US market. Market adaptions will be needed to certain extent. The third alternative cannot be chosen in the sense that the management needs to keep the brand image consistent and maintain the brand identity. This approach tends to dilute the brand authenticity. 4. Expansion into US Market Recommendations 4. 1 Target customers The international product manager must know how similar/different potential customers are in the market to serve. The US customers will be younger and more diversified. And they are very cultural sensitive and looking for something different with heritage and taste. The connoisseurs and strivers categories can also be applied to US market since they also appreciate high quality and prestige of the brand. 4. 2 Country of origin Russian Standard Vodka will fit in perfectly with the country of origin concept to win US customers. The Russian origin of vodka has symbolic value associated with the brand. It’s also about attraction by cultural difference. The product can be marketed on the basis of its specific Russian cultural background. It is precisely the difference in culture that makes it desirable. 4. 3 Product / Brand positioning Functionally, the brand shall emphasize the authentic quality from Russia, the purity of vodka, its neutral taste and superior aroma. Emotionally, the brand was meant to serve as a source of Russian identification, belonging and validation. Russian Standard shall also be positioned as a luxury brand to create an aura of prestige for users, to make them believe no other vodka brand in the world could bring such an authentic Russian experience to US consumers. . 4 Market communication Russian Standard Vodka and Russian Standard Bank will be linked together once the communication message is consistent in transferrin the message of Russian Standard offers more than products or services, it provides Russians with a sense of pride and personal freedom. The market communication will be key to keep the real essence of the brand across international markets. The concept could be that it embodie s the true Russian spirit of generosity, and the traditional Russian passion for vodka. In-store marketing, on- and off-premise promotions, local events hosted  / sponsored by Russian Standard Vodka or even television program can be marketing approaches to fit in different purposes. 4. 5 Pricing decisions In Russia, Russian Standard was one of the most expensive brands among locally produced vodkas. The price gap that the brand maintained vis-a-vis standard segment vodkas clearly demonstrated its premium position. The premium positioning of the brand was emphasized to foreigners. In US market, given the fast growing of super-premiums, pricing can target premium and super-premium segments. New product development can also be considered in a latter stage to expand the product portfolio. Conclusion Reeling Russian culture far into the future meant taking a novel look at the treasures of its past. Russia has undergone a true renaissance and Russian Standard has played a pivotal role, providing Russians from all walks of life the opportunity to realize their dreams. Named the number one premium vodka in Russia and ranked one of the fasted growing brands in the world, Russian Standard is well on its way to achieving its long-term vision as the international leader in premium and luxury spirits.

Abraham Lincoln Biography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Abraham Lincoln Biography - Essay Example He was a president who worked for the people. â€Å"His distinctively human and humane personality and historical role as savior of the Union and emancipator of the slaves creates a legacy that endures†. Lincoln’s greatest contributions were abolition of slavery in America and the formulation of a clear definition of democracy. This paper briefly analyses the life and contributions of Abraham Lincoln. Abraham Lincoln was born on 18 February 1809 as the second child to Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Hanks Lincoln in Kentucky. His mother died during his childhood which forced him to undertake hard works even during his childhood. As a loyal son, Lincoln had no hesitation to give all his earnings to his father until he became 21 years of age. During his teenage period, he worked in various disciplines such as shopkeeper, postmaster, and a general store owner. Lincoln failed to get proper education during his childhood; however, he was able to self-educate with the help of readin g books from libraries. At age of 22, Lincoln started to concentrate more in politics. His experiences in politics made him aware of the different characteristics of slavery in American social and political life. â€Å"It was around this time he decided to become a lawyer, teaching himself the law by reading Blackstone’s Commentaries on the Laws of England†

Calvin Klein in the UK Womens fragrances market Essay

Calvin Klein in the UK Womens fragrances market - Essay Example Calvin Klein is a quite visible brand in the UK women’s fragrances market. Though the market niche Calvin Klein works in is quite competitive, the company manages to remain successful and profitable. The reasons of such success may lie behind successful branding and marketing strategies of Calvin Klein. However, that might not be the case. So, in order to determine what role branding plays in Calvin Klein’s achieving success the given paper will analyze the major principles of branding applying them to Calvin Klein. The UK market of women’s fragrances, as well the influence of own brands on Calvin Klein will be analyzed for this purpose too.A brand is what can make a business more successful. The major goal of branding is to deliver the essence of a business to customers, to make them associate something with the product that stands behind the brand. In addition, effective branding creates increased product awareness, so that potential buyers of a product know ex actly what the benefits of the product are. Such brand attributes as a logo or a slogan, among others, gets associated with the product itself. Similarly, a branding strategy may involve people’s associating certain emotions, thoughts, states, images or experiences with the brand and the product. The goals of branding include delivering the message about the product, as well as values that stand behind it, to the customers, building consumer loyalty toward the product, motivating potential consumers for buying the product, highlighting the advantages of the product, and even creating an emotional connection between people and the product. That is exactly what’s taking place in the UK market of women’s fragrances. Since it is a rather competitive market, the importance of branding cannot be underestimated. The competition is fierce, so companies must be doing their best for maintaining their visibility and success in the market. The average annual growth rate of the UK women’s fragrances market was 5% in 2007, and 62% of the market are occupied by five large companies, according to UK Market Intelligence Report (2007). So, though Calvin Klein is known worldwide, the competition in the UK is great. Women’s fragrances of such famous brands as Christian Dior, Gucci, Ralph Lauren, Emporio Armani, Chanel, and Tommy Hilfiger are being sold along with Calvin Klein perfumes. Furthermore, in addition to competing with globally known labels, Calvin Klein has to compete with own label brands. European Cosmetic Markets (2005) reports that, though famous brands are preferred by UK women and make 92% of the proposition, the share of private label perfumes is growing. In 2005, for instance, it made 8% and experienced a 8.2% growth. Though in many markets own brands are represented by cheap alternatives to well established brands, the situation in the women’s fragrance market of the UK is different. According to UK Market Intelligence Report (2007), niche luxury brands that bring clients value, individuality, and a feeling of rarity and authenticity, such as Calvin Klein, are more popular among buyers and are one of the market drivers. Therefore, own labels that compete with such brands are, these days, not simply cheap analogs, but, on the contrary, similarly positioned and well advertised labels. As such, own labels of the women’s fragrance market are nearly as strong as globally known brands. Furthermore, in addition to creating competition, own brands are a threat to Calvin Klein. As Tutor2u.net reports, sales of own brands are continuously growing in the UK. This may lead to supermarket’s giving preference to their own brands, thus reducing the number of other brands on their shelves. Though it is rather difficult for own labels to compete in the market of luxurious fragrance due to a high number of established labels, own brands might still be a problem for Calvin Klein. Amplifying, according to Kotler et al. (2009) is one of the strategies Calvin Klein uses for marketing its

Designing a house Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Designing a house - Essay Example The building is built on a relatively stable ground and therefore it foundation was a shallow type of foundation. The foundation is concrete mixed poured on a steel reinforcement to an averagely thick slab. The wall was constructed from locally prepared bricks that were arranged in interlocking configuration. The second slap separate the ground floor from the first floor and is concrete reinforced. The roof is joined to the 300mm thick ring beam through metallic straps. Roof is made from iron sheets joined onto the wooden struts through iron sheet nails. The roof has provision left that could be used in the future to introduce tiles. The paper therefore look into the design considerations in coming up with up with the said building using the right material and incorporating the right technical knowledge. According to Shlash (2001) the design of the foundation takes into the consideration the amount of floors the building will have, the land alignment (topography) and the type of soil. The weight of the foundation is normally taken by the soil underneath where the load is spread. Therefore the total load is transmitted to the footing where it is spread and is expected to be carried by the land surface underneath. Therefore they must have had excavated the foundation to a point where the basement rock started to get the right bearing capacity so that the overall load doesn’t have a large displacement. Apart from the natural soil stability, they had to find the right building material for the foundation which could carry the large amount of load. They had to make sure the ring needs to be able to carry the required amount of load and must: In this project the material used is concrete hence it must have the recommended thickness and strength to transfer the load top the bottom surface and the reinforcement must be properly placed to give the right construction stability and positioning (Shlash, 2001). The building is located

Palm oil biodiesel: A source of renewable fuel

Palm oil biodiesel: A source of renewable fuel The demand of increasing price in fossil fuel has prompted the global oil industry to look at the alternative sources of fuel from renewable energy source which is biodiesel. Biodiesel is considered as better option because of its environmental friendly characteristics while giving almost the same functional properties like fossil fuels. This paper will focus on the biodiesel produced in Malaysia. Since Malaysia is one of the leading palm oil producers in the world with palm oil was chosen as the raw stock for the palm oil biodiesel production. There are many advantages and disadvantages in palm oil biodiesel industry in Malaysia from the economy, social and environmental aspect. The aim of this paper is to analyze the past, current and future of palm oil biodiesel industry in Malaysia. This paper will include the technology aspect used in the palm oil biodiesel production and characteristics of pure palm oil biodiesel to meet the international market standard. Malaysia faces tough competition from other biodiesel producers like Indonesia and Brazil. The scope of this study covers the worldwide biodiesel development in brief in continuation with the challenges faced by Malaysia in becoming the top biodiesel exporter in the world with the advantages disadvantage of using palm oil as the feedstock. . Keywords: Alternative, renewable energy, palm oil biodiesel, technology, exporter List of Abbreviations ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials CPO Crude Palm Oil DBKL Dewan Bandaraya Kuala Lumpur DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid EU European Union IFC International Finance Corporation ISO International Standards Organization MPOB Malaysian Palm Oil Board MPOC Malaysian Palm Oil Council MYR Malaysia Ringgits NGO Non Government Organization OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration POIC Palm Oil Industrial Cluster POME Palm Oil Methyl Ester PRIME Rebuilding and Improving Malaysias Export of Palm Oil RSPO Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil UK United Kingdom UNFCC United Natons Framework Convention on Climate Change US United States USA United States of America List of Symbols CO2 Carbon dioxide ml milliliter NOx Nitrogen Oxide INTRODUCTION All energy used by humans originates from one of the following sources: radiant energy emitted by the sun (solar energy); geothermal energy from the interior of the earth; tidal energy originating from the gravitational pull of the moon; and nuclear energy. By far the largest source is solar energy, thousands of times larger than all the others and inexhaustible for as long the sun shines (approximately 4.5 billion years). Present energy system, especially based on the use of fossil fuels (not renewable), cannot handle the problem of guaranteeing energy security and that increasing the share of renewable energies is one of the best ways to addressing them. Increasingly, renewable energy in the form of biodiesel is getting attention from the world countries due to the environment friendly characteristics, while still be able to be used in diesel engine without any major modifications. Biodiesel also has its advantage of abundance of raw stock which confirms continuous raw material supply. Biodiesel is an environmentally-friendly, renewable energy source that could also produce cost savings for taxpayers and private businesses which is produced from farmers that grow various fuel crops. Given high gasoline prices and the negative environmental effects of burning fossil fuels, there is intense research on the alternative energy sources, including biofuel. Brazil and the US have been leading the way with ethanol production derived from sugar cane and corn. Recently, there has been increased interest in another biofuel (biodiesel) particularly in Europe (the leading producer). Biodiesel, a non-petroleum-based diesel fuel, can be produced from the transesterification of vegetable oils or animal fats. In the US, most biodiesel is made from rapeseed (canola) or soybeans. Other producers have different biodiesel feedstock such as palm oil and jatropha that have great potential as renewable fuels. Malaysia is a leading palm oil producer, therefore Malaysia in the past have focused on palm oil as raw stock used for biodiesel production. This paper takes an in depth look at the palm oil used for the production of biodiesel. 2.1 SCOPE OF THE PAPER Biodiesel production is facing several issues and challenges like tough global competition, feedstock issue, food versus fuel war, sustainability, and limited land for use deforestation. The scope of this paper is to collect and analyze the data of palm oil biodiesel in Malaysia to determine their performance and their position in the world biodiesel industry, the advantage disadvantage of using palm oil as the main feedstock for production, political economic barriers which needs to be overcome, competition between the major producers technological aspects. This study covers the biodiesel technology that is currently being used in Malaysia to produce pure biodiesel that meets international criteria, suggestions for improvements in implementing better method and technologies to be used in Indonesia and Malaysia. Overall, this paper analyzes the past, current and future trend of the palm oil biodiesel industry in Malaysia among world biodiesel industry. 2.2 BACKGROUND 2.2.1 Raw Stock for Biodiesel There are several sources used as feedstock for biodiesel production such as rapeseed and soybean oil. However, compared with other vegetable oil, palm oil has far better advantage and potential as feedstock for biodiesel production. Palm oil is a perennial crop, unlike soybean and rapeseed. Perennial crop means the production of oil is continuous and uninterrupted, though annual production has its seasonal peak and down cycle [6]. In terms of oil production per hectare of plantation, palm oil is the most produced oil seed. The yield of palm oil from palm is a factor of ten higher than oil yields from soybeans, sunflower or rapeseeds [17]. Palm oil production has higher production yield compared to soybean, sunflower seed and rapeseed as shown in Figure 1. Palm oil imports from Malaysia into EU are equivalent to having 4.9 million hectares of soybeans or 1.7 million hectares of rapeseed [17]. 2.2.2 Palm Oil as Raw Stock Palm oil is the most prospective biodiesel feedstock compared to other oilseeds. As discussed earlier, palm oil has higher production yield, low fertilizer, water and pesticide needed for the plantation. Palm oil production takes less sunlight in terms of energy balance to produce a unit of oil as it produces more oil per hectare. However, in terms of the basis of palm oil yield per man in a day, it is not as competitive as other oilseeds because of the difficulty of labor plantation management and harvesting of the fruit. Comparatively in Indonesia, it is less an issue because the extensive labor market readily available in Indonesia compared to Malaysia. Crude Palm Oil and Refined Palm Oil are the most traded vegetable oil in the world today [14]. Palm oils have been established as a dietary nutrient for nearly five thousand years. Palm oils are harvested from the mesocarp of the Elaeis Guineensis fruit, through a refining process that includes; cooking, mashing and pressing. In this process, the seeds are separated and after cracking and removing the shell, the kernel can be processed to yield palm kernel oil and palm kernel cake. Crude palm oil also referred as CPO comes from the mesocarp which is the fleshy portion of the fruit wall. Mesocarp is processed into CPO through refining and kernel processing in steps shown in Figure 2. CPO depends on the variety of the palm tree and the age of the palm. The CPO to bunch ratio is approximately 25 to 28 percentages. 2.2.3 Palm Oil Biodiesel The palm oil harvested and produced from palm trees is referred to as CPO. The crude palm oil is the transported to palm oil refinery to be refined. The factory output is the Refined Palm Oil which is suitable to be used as biodiesel fuel or blended with petroleum diesel. Palm oil converted into methyl ester which then can be used as fuel is called the bio diesel. Blending certain percentage of petroleum diesel with palm diesel is called Envo Diesel. Methyl ester from palm oil has low engine emissions, high oxidation stability apart from the high nitrogen oxide emission which is higher [2]. Refined palm oil; after crude palm oil is refined is referred as Refined Palm Oil and can be used for number of applications including as a substitute for petroleum diesel which is known as Palm Oil Biodiesel. Palm oil is processed into CPO, then into refined oil before being processed into palm oil biodiesel as shown in Figure 3. Palm Oil biodiesel can be blended with petroleum diesel. This type of diesel is known as Envo Diesel. This paper will discuss in detail the Palm Oil Biodiesel. 3. Analysis 3.1 Perspective on Indonesian versus Malaysian Palm Oil A significant change took place in palm oil industry in the year 2006 when Indonesia surpassed Malaysia in production of the palm oil as shown in Figure 4. Malaysia is currently worlds second largest producer of palm oil [6]. Looking at the Indonesias palm oil production rate compared to Malaysia in Table 1, there are high chances of Indonesia surpassing Malaysia and continue to be leading producer for the foreseeable future. In Malaysia, palm oil exports amount to 16.5 million tonnes, representing an increase of near 11 percent in year 2007. The total palm oil planted area in the country increased by 4.3 percent to 4.48 million hectares in 2008 [16]. The expansion in planted area in the country occurred mainly in Sabah and Sarawak with a combined growth of 7 percent compared to 2 percent in Peninsular Malaysia. Sabah remained as the largest palm oil planted state, accounting for 1.33 million hectares of 30 percent of the total planted area in the country. 3.2 Palm Oil Biodiesel vs. Other Feedstock In the year 2008, the government of Malaysia was looking at the possibility of using jatropha oil the raw material for the production of biodiesel in the future. However, this was still at the research and development stage and it has not reached the commercialization stage [2]. The government looked at other potential feedstock for biodiesel production due to the competition on the use of the palm oil either as food sources as fuel. Around the world biodiesel producers are now focusing on using non food based raw materials for the biofuel production. Currently, all the biodiesel projects in Malaysia are based on the use of palm oil as the raw material. During the surface of the reports indicating that EU might ban biofuel derived from crops grown on some sensitive ecosystems, Malaysian palm oil industry feared the worst. Malaysia; as the second largest palm oil producer in the world after Indonesia is the potentially largest palm oil biodiesel producer. Countries like Brazil and the US; biodiesel producer from ethanol are eyeing the EU market giving heavy competition to palm oil biodiesel producers. Biodiesel market are having large market competition after the 27 nation bloc suggested for biofuel to be used at least 10 percentage in transportation by year 2020 [17]. Jatropha is a promising second generation biodiesel feedstock. The government publicity on Jatropha as next potential biodiesel feedstock at the Sabah Development Corridor launch in the year 2008 gave competition to existing palm oil biodiesel. However, the use of Jatropha as biodiesel feedstock requires more research to develop its properties to acceptable level for mass commercial usage [2]. And currently, the research is still ongoing. 3.3 Palm Oil and Malaysia The palm oil industry is an important pillar of Malaysia economy. The palm oil sector have contributed significantly towards providing a continuous flow of foreign investments and earnings through the export of palm oil and its value added products to the global market. In the year 2008, palm oil industry contributed MYR 65.2 billion or equivalent USD 18.1 billion in the export earnings which proves to be a significant contribution from the palm oil industry to the economy [16]. The contribution of Malaysian palm oil to the worlds oils and fats market was very significant in the year 2008, where the palm oil production of 17.73 million tonnes was 11.1 percent of the global production of 160 million tonnes of oils and fats. The sustainable production of palm oil in Malaysia is overseen by the Malaysian Palm Oil Association. Malaysia palm oil production is estimated 18.3 million tonnes in 2009 compared to 17.73 million tonnes in year 2008 [17]. The global demand for palm oil has increased significantly over the last two decades, first for the use in food industry, consumer products and the most recent application for biodiesel. The growing market in India and China; which is the top two important nations, increases the demand for edible vegetable oil [14]. Another major factor in growth of palm oil production is its role in sustainable energy campaign around the world [14]. European countries have promoted the use of palm oil by investing hundreds of millions dollars into the national subsidies towards biodiesel. European countries are major importer of palm oil; subsidization of biodiesels by the European governments has accelerated the demand for the palm oil in Europe and as a consequence, this has increased the conversion of large areas of rainforest in South East Asia. Palm oil plantations are often built after clearing large area of forest land and draining peat swamps. As of the year 2009, the Malaysia palm oil had 26 percent share in the export of oils and fats. The palm oil also comprised 46 percent share of global palm oil and is being consumed in more than 150 countries worldwide [16]. All these were achieved by using 4.5 million hectares of land which is far more less than 1.9 percent of total area in the world utilized for oilseeds. The total area in the world used for oilseeds is 233 million hectares. Malaysia is currently focusing on increasing the productivity by increasing the oil yields from the current average of four tonnes per hectare to eight tonnes per hectare by using genome sequencing. Genome sequencing is a laboratory process that determines the complete DNA sequence of an organism [16]. Using this technique, scientific process and procedures can be done to the palm oil plant to produce more outputs. Using this technique, Malaysia is hoping to continue as the major supplier to global palm oil needs without the necessity to open n ew areas for plantation. The EU need a company to be legally certified to produce palm oil that can be used as an alternative fuel in a sustainable manner before the commodity can be shipped and used in the 27 member bloc countries. Restrictive policies implemented by EU created differences in the marketing of vegetables and grains oil that caused the decrease of the palm oil prices compared to soybean and rapeseed oil. Indonesia and Malaysia, the worlds two biggest producers of palm oil teamed up in November 2008 to reduce the output of the edible oil after he prices slumped. The two countries agreed to replant old plantation, cutting yearly production of approximately 800000 tonnes. In the year of 2009, during the global economic slowdown, Malaysia palm oil industry was facing issue of oversupply. To reduce the oversupply of palm oil and at the same time to support the palm oil prices, Malaysia launched the Palm Oil Replanting Incentive Scheme worth of MYR 200 million to reduce the nations high palm oil stock to ensure the stability of palm oil prices. The objective of this scheme is to chop 200000 hectare of palm oil trees aged 25 years and above, which will reduce the palm oil supply by 700000 tonnes per year in the short term. The government had approved 63000 hectare under this scheme which was closed in June 2009 [16]. Strategies like replanting palm oil tree schemes and impose of the mandate for the palm oil biodiesel use reduces the CPO inventory and helped to sustain its price at MYR 1400 per tonne in the year 2009 [14]. It is important to reduce the oversupply and maintain the CPO price above RM 1400 tonne as the producers will not be profitable in the trade below this price. In March 2008, the CPO prices soared up till MYR 4180 but the price plummeted to low MYR 1403 per tonne in November 2008 [16]. The inventory for palm oil rose to significantly high amount of 2.3 million in November 2008 but reduced to slightly more than 1.8 million tonnes in January 2009 as shown in the Figure 5. Palm oil is the major oil produced in the world; this indirectly helps to lower price of palm oil biodiesel but not significantly. The CPO price range between MYR 1400 and MYR 1900 per tonne in year 2009 was sufficient to sustain the export earnings. However, the earnings from palm oil exports in the year 2009 dropped compared to MYR 65.8 billion in the year 2008 because of the lower prices as well as lower exports. Late in the year 2008, MPOC launched PRIME program. This program is one of the MPOCs palm oil export promotion strategies to encourage exporters to explore new markets and introduce new products in order to develop new areas of business [22]. 3.4 Biodiesel Production Technology Before analyzing the infrastructure and technology required in converting Palm oil into biodiesel, the production process must be understood first. There are three general ways to convert vegetable oils and fats into biodiesel; base catalyzed transesterification of the oil, direct acid catalyzed transesterification of the oil or conversion of the oil to its fatty acid then to biodiesel [12]. Biodiesel producers opt for the option 1 which is the base catalyzed reaction because it is a low temperature and pressure. This method also yields high conversion ration of almost 98 percentages with minimal side effects and reaction time. Another advantage of this method is that it is a direct conversion to biodiesel with no intermediate compounds required and no exotic materials of construction are needed [18]. The chemical reaction for base catalyzed palm oil biodiesel production is shown in the chemical equation shown in Figure 6. Chemical Equation above shows transformation of palm oil into biodiesel which also gives another output; glycerin. The conclusion from the above chemical equation is that when one hundred pounds of fat or palm oil reacted with 10 pounds of short chain alcohol in the presence of a catalyst that has already been mixed with methanol, 10 pounds of glycerin and 100 pounds of biodiesel produced as output. The short alcohol chain is represented by ROH which means methanol or in some cases, ethanol that is used to quicken the conversion process. The catalysts usually are mixed with the methanol. R, R and R represents the fatty acid chains of the palmitic oil or fat [12]. The catalyst mixed with alcohol. The catalyst usually dissolved in the alcohol using a standard mixing machine. The mix is then put into a closed reaction vessel and the palm oil or fat is added. A closed system is done in the process to prevent the loss of alcohol to the atmosphere. The mix is kept at the temperature above the boiling point of alcohol at about 70 degree Celsius so that the reaction takes place. The reaction time varies from 1 to 8 hours and excess alcohol usually used to ensure complete conversion of palm oil into methyl esters. Once the reaction have completed, there will be two outputs which are glycerin and biodiesel. Glycerin and biodiesel output will not be in their purest form. Each has significant amount of excess methanol that was used earlier in the reaction. This is where the neutralization step takes place. The glycerin has more density compared to biodiesel and the two outputs can be separated using gravity by drawing off the bottom of the settling vessel. After the glycerin and biodiesel have been separated, the excess alcohol in each of them will be removed and the mix will be neutralized. The alcohol will be recovered in methanol recovery step using distillation equipment and it will be re-used. After separation from the glycerin, the biodiesel is purified by washing gently with warm water to remove the residual catalyst or soaps, dried and sent to storage. This step may be skipped when the output of the production process is a clear amber yellow liquid with viscosity similar to petrodiesel. Colorless biodiesel is obtained in an additional step of distillation to remove small amount of color bodies. For usage as an automotive fuel, the end product of biodiesel must be analyzed using international standard analytical equipment to ensure it meets specifications. For global biodiesel marketing, it is important for a biodiesel manufacturer to register the biodiesel product with the United Stated Environmental Protection Agency under 40 CFR Part 79 [18]. 3.5 Pure palm oil biodiesel characteristics Biodiesel is a biodegradable and non toxic fuel; free from sulfur. It is produced by transesterification reaction of vegetable oil with low molecular weight alcohol, such as ethanol or methanol. In the industry, biodiesel is produced using homogeneous reaction [10]. Important characteristic of oil to be used as fuel is the solubility of the oil in petroleum. Another way is to emulsify the oil or fat with the ethanol. Most of the vegetable oils are a mixture of different esters such as oleic acid (main portion from olive oil), ricinoeleic (main portion from castor oil) , linoleic acid )main portion from linseed oil), palmitic acid (main portion from the palm oil kernel) and many other oils. Palm crude oil is refined to make a useable automotive fuel that is useable in unmodified diesel engines. As discussed in earlier topics, biodiesel is a clean burning alternative to petroleum based fuel made from renewable energy source which is biodegradable and non-toxic. In recent times, biodiesel issues have drawn lot of interest as increase of depletion of petroleum source in near future is predicted. Biodiesel market is booming in Europe as fuel or fuel additive for most of the diesel internal combustion engines and turbine in Europe as fuel or fuel additive for most diesel internal combustion engines and turbine engines, and it is also available in the US and Asia, as well as in Canada, where it is in its early stages of development. Biodiesel is derived mainly from the byproducts of soybean and other oils, such virgin and recycled vegetable oils derived from crops such as canola, corn and sunflowers and animal fats or spent cooking greases, although it may be obtained from ethanol. Soy-based fuel is the most common used biodiesel in its pure form or mixed with a petroleum-based diesel as an additive to improve the otherwise low lubricity of pure ultra low sulfur petrodiesel fuel. Research was done in Bangkok where palm biodiesel was used for a motorcycle, the emission and engine performance was tested. Research found there was no significant difference in emissions between the biodegradable and the fossil fuel. Comparison of the engine performance and fuel consumption for both lubricants showed no significant difference either [8]. However, since palm biodiesel is a renewable source, it is a lower carbon source and that it offers superior tribological properties (wear scar, viscosity index, etc.) [8]. This is a promising alternative to fossil fuels. This fuel is also important from the economic point of view, considered as one of the possible candidates to replace petrodiesel as the worlds primary transport energy source thanks to its renewable condition and the fact that it can be transported and sold using todays infrastructure instead of old fossil fuels ducts. In fact, it is available to consumers in a growing number of fuel stations, but still makes up a small percentage of fuel sold. Biodiesel has been classified as a non-flammable liquid by the OSHA, although as with most fuels, it may burn if heated to a high enough temperature, but significantly reduced in toxic and other emissions when burned as a fuel. [20] 4. DISCUSSION 4.1. Past and Current Market trend of Palm oil Biodiesel The production of palm oil biodiesel in Malaysia is overwhelming. There are initial researches conducted for the production of biodiesel from waste materials including palm oil. However, this is still in early stage of research and development and so far; the researches shows that the production of biodiesel from waste materials is still very high and not viable for commercial use. Till the year 2008, Malaysia had about 91 percent of palm oil biodiesel projects approved with a total production capacity of 10.2 million tonnes a year [16]. Total of 12 biodiesel plants have been fully completed and are in operation with production capacity of one million tonnes a year [16]. Another two biodiesel plants have been also completed but the operations have not started. These two plants have production capacity of 160000 tonnes a year. According to MPOB, the existing biodiesel plants produces approximately 196363 tonnes for the period of August 2006 till March 2008 while 154791 tonnes were valued at MYR 411 million for the export to US, Europe, Singapore and Australia. Recently, the production cost at biodiesel plants have increased with the rising price of crude palm oil. The average cost of CPO in the year 2006 was MYR 1502.50 per tonne. This price has increased significantly within two years; in the year 2007, the price was MYR 2516.50 per tonne while in the early of 2008, the price was MYR 3433.50 per tonne. This has caused the cost to exceed the profit margin. In March 2008, production cost for palm oil biodiesel was MYR 4330 per tonne; whereas the market price for the palm oil biodiesel was MYR 3632 per tonne. The CPO prices are increasing rapidly as shown in Figure 8. The rising cost of biodiesel have prompted several palm oil biodiesel producers to temporarily stop producing biodiesel as the high producton cost has left an negative impat on their profit margin and the development and growth of the biodiesel industry. Till to date, the Malaysian government has given more than 90 biodiesel licences to various organization and companies which has production capacity of 10 million tonnes per year. However, it is reported in the Reuters survey that on seven biodiesel plants are currently running and most of them are operating well below the capacity. The survey also showed that there were 14 projects with their combined biodiesel production capacity of more than two million tonnes were shelved or delayed. The main reason for the delay is the high CPO prices, which encourages the palm oil industry to produce palm oil for more profitable business or industries instead of the biodiesel which has higher production cost compared to profit. The high cost of investment to setup the biodiesel facilities does not encourage the palm oil industry. It is said that for the priceof biodiesel at MYR 4000 per tonne, even conglomerates in Malaysia such as Sime Darby is not keen to plunge into the biodiesel industry currently [16]. Currently, the company is focusing on the palm oil downstream activities such as bulking and refinery process to be exported [16]. A report by Frost and Sullivan regarding biodiesel showed that the demand for biodiesel has increased in the Asia region over the past few years. For Malaysia, the demand for palm oil biodiesel would increase from current 110000 tonnes to 563000 tonnes in the year 2013. Asia region has a booming market for biodiesel as there are several strong drivers of growth; increased supply and increased demand. Many countries in the Asia region developed domestic markets and at the same time,producers like Malaysia and Indonesia targeted export markets. In several countries in the Asia region, the government introduced mandates for biofuels to develop the domestic market. On March 22, 2006, Malaysia Prime Minister Datuk Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi launched biodiesel called Envo Diesel. This type of biodiesel blends 5 percent of proccessed palm oil with 95 percent petrodiesel. In EU, there are B5 type of biodiesel that blends 5 percent methyl ester with 95 percent petrodesel. The manufacturers for diesel engine prefer the use of palm oil methyl ester blends as diesel engines are designed to handle 5 percent methyl ester meeting the EN14214 biodiesel standard [16]. In the year 2009, the Malaysian government reassured that there are no plans to remove the current biodiesel mandate of five percent despite high CPO cost. The government encourages the use of biodiesel in the country, although it is not have been mandatory use [5]. Malaysian government are encouraging the use of palm oil biodiesel as they are obliging to Kyoto Protocol. The use of palm oil biodiesel have not been made mandatory due to the fact that at the present,the raw material price is very high . Kyoto Protocol is a protocol of the UNFCC , an international environmental organization. This organization is trying to achieve the stabilisation of the greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent the degradation caused by human that would disturb the ecosystem and the climate system. In October 2008, Malaysia put into practice the mandate of five percent biodiesel will be used in vehicles starting with the government vehicles in the year 2009 and planning to implement extensively to industrial and transportation sector in the year 2010. By early 2010, Malaysia is expected to consume 500000 tonnes of palm oil which is 3 percent of national CPO production. This will happen when Malaysia fully implements the blended biodiesel programme where B5 diesel will be made available througout the country through 36 depots [5]. The use of blended biodiesel has started with government agencies and will be extended to industrial and transportation industry in the future. The Malaysian government is working with nations biggest petroleum company; Petronas to enable some retail station to supply B5 to the agencies. I February 2009, Malaysia started the biodiesel programme with Kuala Lumpur City Council and the Armed Forces in the country [5]. The biodiesel producers and the petroleum companies are currently discussing the important aspects and critical issues to the implementation such as logistics and finance. As of the year 2009, the main challenges facing the biodiesel industry in Malaysia are the exports of subsidised US biodiesel to EU that is distrubing the prices and trade, the EU energy directive and overall global economic slowdown. The global economic crisis have caused a sharp drop in the CPO prices, together with global financial crisis had led the develoment of the biodiesel industry to slow down or to be exact halt new investments. The Malaysian biodiesel industry has the production capacity of 1.67 million and feedstock available to satisfy the demand in the domestic and world market. Malaysia and Indonesia has expressed concern over a plan by the EU countries to impose taxes on US biodiesel which potentially might slowdown the outlook for alternative fuels made from vegetable oils and grains. Almost half of Europes biodiesel Apple: A Multinational Corporation Apple: A Multinational Corporation Introduction Apple Inc. it is a well known American multinational corporation that designs most of the famous consumer electronics and widely used softwares. It was established on 1st April, 1976 at that time the company was known as Apple computer, Inc. the word computer was dropped after 30 years of its establishment on 9th Jan, 2007.To mark its expansion in consumer electronic market. Apple nearly has 35,000 employees worldwide and its sales recording nearly US$42.90 billion by 26th September, 2009. It came in a magazine named Fortune that Apple had been most appreciated company in United States in 2008 and worldwide in 2009. Objectives Apples motto, â€Å"Think differently†, a concept which Apple has been following since it started by creating state of the art products that. Other computer manufacturers have tried hard for decades to copy the ideas but none had succeeded as Apple did. It has always manufactured and designed products which no one has even imagined of. They provided the first ever user-friendly laptops and computers. Apple introduced iMac and iBook for the basic computer users such as students etc and Power Book and G series for advanced computer users for graphic designers, business man etc . Ownership Of Business As it is public owned company so it sells its shares. Currently there are around 1,441 shareholders, with total shares held are 652,325,642 and the total value of their holdings is around $134,501,972,866. The top 5 holders are: TOP 5 HOLDERS Shares held FMR LLC 45,173,344 STATE STREET COMPNY 31,980,670 Vanguard Group 31,216,671 Barclays Global 26,449,599 PRICE T ROWE 24,545,605 Board Of Directors: Steven P. Jobs Chief Executive Officer, Director Timothy D. Cook Peter Oppenheimer Chief Operating Officer Chief Financial Officer, Senior Vice President Philip W. Schiller D. Bruce Sewell Senior Vice President Worldwide Product Marketing Senior Vice President, General Counsel, Secretary Ronald B. Johnson Senior Vice President Retail Bertrand Serlet Senior Vice President Software Engineering Robert J. Mansfield Mark Papermaster Scott J. Forstall Senior Vice President Mac Hardware Engineering Senior Vice President Devices Hardware Engineering Senior Vice President iPhone Software Engineering and Platform Experience Stakeholders Consumers As there will be any kind of changes in Apple company itself consumers will be affected, as the price increases consumer wont be willing to buy apple products or if the price increases consumers will be buying to buy apple products Competitor The biggest example of competitors can be Microsoft, whatever Apple does directly or indirectly affect Microsoft or vice versa. For example if Apple releases any kind of new computer regarding business the result is some new firms might opt to adapt that new system or might go along with Microsoft, thus effecting each other by every means. Steve Jobs Apples CEO He is the co-founder and chief executive officer of Apple. He was the only one who introduced the bright idea to Apple e.g. iPod, iPhone etc. The whole company is affected by his decisions, as his health was affected the companys share lost its value. Stakeholders had a fear that if Steve Job isnt there it will cause Apples downturn causing a great loss. Apples SWOT Analysis Strengths Sales of its notebooks are very strong which represents a large portion of Apples income Apple is considered as one of the most established IT brand in the world. It not only attracts new customers but existing customers also come back for latest products as well as to take advantage of the services they are offering. Weakness Apple is making an end with IBM who was among Apples main chip supplier and switching to Intel for supplying chip which is thought to make consumers confuse as most of consumers have tend to use IBM chips which existed before Intel. It has its own software platform which doesnt allows users to have any kind of flexibility or to run Microsoft softwares on Apple OS which discourages consumers to buy Apple OS based consumer electronic. Opportunities Can offer some software flexibility by open source operating system so it would attract more consumers and making it more user-friendly thus increasing sales. Apple can step ahead by horizontal integration with some other major IT Company like Microsoft to expand its business to a completely new level. Offer Apple OSX to non Apple hardware which can turnout out to be a great advantage as more people will tend to use Apples OS as it is a completely different experience. Threats The biggest threat to Apple is its competitor Microsoft around 90% of the world-wide computers have Microsoft OS installed on them. This in long run can be very dangerous for Apples business. Global recession can likely reduce the sale of high priced consumer electronic; since apple is offering no cheap alternatives the consumer itself tend to switch to other manufactures for cheap prices. Market Research The most shocking thing about Apple Inc is that it never does any kind market research; they never hired any kind of consultants. They hired once in a decade which they considered later as there mistake. Apple itself figures out what people want and then work on it at the end the whole world is just amazed by that work and wants to include it in daily lifestyle. Marketing The marketing concept which Apple Inc uses and has been successful in long run can be divided into 3 categories customer oriented, organization objectives and coordinated market activities. The customer attraction is done by advertising through different media which is appealing to customers, moreover they provide good delivery services all this steps taken is to reach customer orientation concept. For organization objectives concept they set a target for its employees to reach, with that to even move closer to their ultimate goal they improve their quality of product. Apple does marketing management by acknowledging customers needs and wants. Market Mix Product Apple basically sells laptops, iPods, mobiles etc here we are going g to concentrate on their laptops. Apple has different kinds of laptops for different uses. They are quite light, slimmer and highly advanced which can make anyone stand alone in a crowd. It is mostly preferred due to its uniqueness and brand name. In their product range Mac book, Mac book pro which comes in different sizes 13†, 15† and 17† depending on users usage. As student s will prefer small n compact were as a graphic designer will prefer large screen display. Price The prices differs according to how basic or powerful laptop you are purchasing as for students small and compact can be bought cheaper ranging from $999-$1699, where as for high end user is around $2499 above depending on specification Place Apple has very good delivery service so you just buy it online from anywhere in the world the laptop will be delivered right at your door step which encourages most of the people to buy laptop with quality services. Else all famous electronic retailers sell Apple laptops around the world. Promotions Apple promotions are the best deals that can be found anywhere. Apple provides special student concessions and even low interest rate installment so that it is reliable from every aspect. Sometimes free deliveries offers are also available. External Factors That Can Impact The Business Activities: Economic: The economic factor plays an important role in the normal functioning of the business. The fluctuations in the economy directly affect the budget and Apple being a public business entity may face challenges to cope with the fluctuations. Social: Society also plays a major in the flow of the business activities. The customs and trends of a society do affect the way the business is functioning although these customs might be favorable to the businesses. Technological: Apple being major IT Company, has to provide the best services so it has to constantly upgrade its infrastructure and has to bring changes in its technologies.

Prejudice in Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen and To Kill a Mockingbi

Prejudice in Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen and To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee In the novels â€Å"Pride and Prejudice† by Jane Austen and â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† by Harper Lee it is evident that both novels are dominated by prejudice. In both novels there are various themes but both novels mainly centre on prejudice. In â€Å"Pride and Prejudice† the prejudices is not that serious. It is mainly about first impressions (the original title of the Book) yet in â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† the prejudice is more serious and is shown in a more sinister way, the theme of prejudice reaches a climax and end in shocking and drastic results. â€Å"Pride and Prejudice† was written in 1813. The period of the setting of the novel is 1811-1812. The novel is set in England in various places like London, Kent, Derbyshire and Hertfordshire (home of the Bennet family). Women in regency Britain had far less option than the women of today. Most women did not receive a formal education, women were taught to be useful but not independent, their aim was to become ‘accomplished’ which meant being proficient In the social graces such as singing, music, drawing, needlework and literature, although the latter did not have the same emphasis. There was constant pressure on women of those times to marry well, to obtain financial security, not just for their selves but also for their immediate family. The position of unmarried women is clearly defined in â€Å"Pride and Prejudice† there is no instance where a single woman travelled alone, or was without a chaperone apart from when Elizabeth went to nurse Jane. Even then this incident was looked down upon by Miss Bingley, however it won Elizabeth respect in the eyes of Mr Darcy. When Lydia r... ... forced her to, but also because she received regular beatings from Bob which psychologically left an impact on her and made her feel someone had to pay and that person was Tom Robinson. So Bob Ewells prejudice was to such an extent that he caused an innocent man to die, therefore along with most of Maycomb County he has Tom Robinson’s blood on his hand. Both books contain a considerable amount of prejudice, however the prejudice in â€Å"Pride and Prejudice† is quite irrelevant while in â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† it is quite substantial. Jane Austen has shown prejudice in a satirical manner while in to Harper Lee has shown its evil form. â€Å"Pride and â€Å"Prejudice† is about trivial themes like marriage, love and family life while in â€Å"To Kill a mockingbird† it is about evil, racial prejudice and discrimination which eventually grasps the life of a innocent man.

Discourse Communities

DC Essay, Draft 1 Discourse Communities Essay There is a very large variety of academic discourse communities available at the universities today. Deciding to go to college is deciding to enter an academic discourse community all on its own but deciding to choose a major is entering a more specified discourse community. There are many similarities and differences between every separate community which makes it difficult for some people to choose.Understanding a community must be done before involving oneself. Comparing and contrasting majors can make it easier for someone to choose which academic discourse community they decide to involve themselves in. Comparing and contrasting majors can be much simpler than it seems. Taking the time to describe a rhetorical purpose, audience, and values can be a good outline for to understand the community. An example of this would be comparing the discourse communities of a nursing major and an education major.According to the Sacramento State Co urse Catalog, â€Å"Nursing is a caring discipline with a foundation of nursing science guided by the application of moral and ethical principles of care and responsibility† and â€Å"The professional educator brings together subject matter knowledge, appropriate strategies, and interpersonal skills essential to providing successful learning experiences for children. † Preparing to work first-hand with people, possibly even very young children, is the main similarity between the two majors.Although the two prepare to help the community, they plan to help in different ways. The two majors are in a sense the same in their future purpose caring the same values, but different in the actual action it will entail. Both Nursing and Education carry the social value of an equal opportunity. The majors do not discriminate between the sexes or age of a person unlike athletics major possibly would. A woman at a very elderly age most likely wouldn’t be able to run a triathlo n and be successful at the same time.Nursing provides health and well-being for the community also providing safety. By treating someone of a contagious and deadly disease a nurse could possibly prevented a whole community from contact of this disease. Education provides common and even uncommon knowledge also building a future for the community. Teaching a young community to read and write makes them literate allowing them to seek high-end careers in the future.Rhetorically, an audience or a nurse could be doctors, parents, or the elderly while the audience of an educator would most likely be parents, their students directly, or the community no longer directly tied to the education environment. A typical purpose a nurse might have would be to provide health and safety to the community in order to keep a community alive. On the other hand a purpose for an educator would be to educate the community of the importance of a health and safety so they are aware of the seriousness of the matter.Personas in both fields would most likely be informative and professional. Comparing and contrasting the similarities between two separate majors can ease the decision of joining a discourse community. Values of the community can be very similar which may be what draws a person to both but the purpose of them can be completely different. Understanding the communities is done by exploring these aspects and applying rhetorical cases to them. Works Cited â€Å"Sacramento State University Catalog† (2012-2014)

Reflections On The Things They Carried Essays - Free Essays

Reflections On The Things They Carried Essays - Free Essays Reflections on "The Things They Carried" Part I: Analyzing the story?s craftsmanship Tim O?Brien wrote a story that is known as "The Things They Carried." It is a carefully crafted, detailed account of a Lieutenant and his men, the time period being right in the middle of the Vietnam war. In most war stories the author spends most of his or her time describing actions and events to the reader, trying to really put the reader "right there" in the middle of everything that is happening. However, O?Brien drifts away from that trend here, hardly describing any events of import to us at all. Rather, he focuses on the thoughts of the soldiers, the inner feelings, small personal nuances and quirks that really describe the men. Being out in the wilderness, far from home or anything they recognize, these men must deal with the mental and physical stresses of war. Here is where O?Brien implements his literary art form. One thing a reader may notice when reading the story is the fact that the story is written in third person, limited omniscient. The narrator is not actually in the story, merely telling us of the events, and yet we still get to see inside Lt. Cross?s mind to more accurately picture his feelings. The narrator also, although letting us see the innermost, personal thoughts of Cross, always refers to the Lieutenant as either "he,", "him," or "Lt. Cross," never speaking of him by only his first name, which seems rather formal. Also, it is odd that O?Brien should choose the third person to write in when creating a story such as this one. Usually when an author wants the reader to feel what the main character is feeling, they will write the story in the first person point of view, to give the events and thoughts a more personal touch. However, the way O?Brien phrases his sentences, it is really very simple for the reader to get that accurate feeling for the main character, even! though it is not the main character speaking. For example, on the next to last page of the story, there is a large piece that speaks about Lt. Cross?s feelings. "On the morning after Ted Lavender died, First Lieutenant Jimmy Cross crouched at the bottom of his foxhole and burned Martha?s letters. Then he burned the two photographs. There was a steady rain falling. . . He realized it was only a gesture. Stupid, he thought. Sentimental, too, but mostly just stupid. Lavender was dead. You couldn?t burn the blame." (Hansen, 436) This section is very vivid in the portrayal of Lt. Cross. The reader can easily see the man, crouching in the bottom of a muddy hole, burning photographs while thinking of a terrible blame he felt was his: it is a sad scene to picture. Another thing O?Brien does in his story is, as I mentioned above, to concentrate more on thoughts and seemingly minor details rather than on events. In the story, O?Brien skips the burning of a village in just a simple remark that makes it almost feel like an afterthought. ("Afterward they burned Than Khe." Hansen, 427) But, he spends almost half of the story explaining what exactly the men carried with them, going into full detail of why they carried these things, how much they weighed, etc. This is for a very good reason, though. O?Brien uses this weight factor as a symbolism and parallel to the "weight" of the emotional baggage and mental conflicts the men must also carry with them as they trek through this strange foreign land. At the bottom of the eleventh page O?Brien mentions this directly: "They all carried emotional baggage of men who might die. Grief, terror, love, longing-these were intangibles, but the intangibles had their own mass and specific gravity! , they had tangible weight." (Hansen, 434-435) He then goes on for another half of a page describing other emotional baggage they carried. This shows some of the real horror of war; not who wins or who dies, but also what effect it has on all parties involved, including the soldiers out there usually fighting battles that they would rather not be fighting. Also, O?Brien